What animals form monogamous relationships? What are the advantages of monogamous pairing?
A monogamous relationship is when a pair of animals, one male and one female, stay together to mate. Monogamous relationships can range in length from one mating season to life long, but they are more common to be for a longer period of time.
Some advantages of a monogamous relationship includes allowing individuals in a species to find a mate. This means insurance that both of the parents will help to contribute to the raising and looking after of the offspring. Which means the the offspring will have a better chance of survival compared to young animals who are left on their own. Monogamous relationships mean that the offspring will have parents to protect and care for them when they are at their most vulnerable. This guarantees that the species will continue and not die out in the long run. A monogamous relationship also means that both parents contribute to raising their young and sharing the roles needed between themselves. The chance of contracting a sexually transmitted disease between these animals is lowered when they only have one mating partner, which is better overall for their population.
Some disadvantages include not being able to change partners if the animal finds another that is better. There is a lack of variety in genes over multiple breeding seasons. Another disadvantage is if a male partner is infertile the female cannot be fertilised, so no offspring will be produced. Also if an animal does’t find a mating partner then no breeding will take place. Being in a monogamous relationship means that there is limits to the amount of offspring per breeding season. Especially compared to males who are polygamous as they can have several patenters and many offspring.
Different animals that are monogamous include:
- Wolves are very loyal animals and are commonly known to mate for life. This means they stay with one partner for their whole lives. Wolves also have a strong bond with their packs.
(Image below shows a pair of Korean wolves mating in a Zoo)
A monogamous relationship is when a pair of animals, one male and one female, stay together to mate. Monogamous relationships can range in length from one mating season to life long, but they are more common to be for a longer period of time.
Some advantages of a monogamous relationship includes allowing individuals in a species to find a mate. This means insurance that both of the parents will help to contribute to the raising and looking after of the offspring. Which means the the offspring will have a better chance of survival compared to young animals who are left on their own. Monogamous relationships mean that the offspring will have parents to protect and care for them when they are at their most vulnerable. This guarantees that the species will continue and not die out in the long run. A monogamous relationship also means that both parents contribute to raising their young and sharing the roles needed between themselves. The chance of contracting a sexually transmitted disease between these animals is lowered when they only have one mating partner, which is better overall for their population.
Some disadvantages include not being able to change partners if the animal finds another that is better. There is a lack of variety in genes over multiple breeding seasons. Another disadvantage is if a male partner is infertile the female cannot be fertilised, so no offspring will be produced. Also if an animal does’t find a mating partner then no breeding will take place. Being in a monogamous relationship means that there is limits to the amount of offspring per breeding season. Especially compared to males who are polygamous as they can have several patenters and many offspring.
Different animals that are monogamous include:
- Wolves are very loyal animals and are commonly known to mate for life. This means they stay with one partner for their whole lives. Wolves also have a strong bond with their packs.
(Image below shows a pair of Korean wolves mating in a Zoo)
- Believe it or not Cockroaches form these monogamous relationships. They are committed and dedicated to their partner.
- Shingleback skinks is one animal who pairs off with the same mate during most mating seasons. The female is responsible for giving birth to the offspring while the male protects the female at this time.
(The Video below shows one lizard pushing the other off the road when it had been hit by a car, this shows the incredible bond between the two animals).
- Shingleback skinks is one animal who pairs off with the same mate during most mating seasons. The female is responsible for giving birth to the offspring while the male protects the female at this time.
(The Video below shows one lizard pushing the other off the road when it had been hit by a car, this shows the incredible bond between the two animals).
- French Angelfish are monogamous which is quite rare because not many species of fish are monogamous. They normally mate for their whole lives which ensures they will always have a mating partner. Majority of the time the French Angelfish stay together are are commonly seen in their pairs when swimming around.
Choose an animal and research their method of reproduction; fertilization, care of young
The female normally have several partners during the mating season which increases her chances of conceiving. The rate that the females reproduce is less then other animals tat live in the see because she has to look after her calf for the whole first year. This then give the calf more chance of survival until they are mature. Staying close by their mother means the calf will be protected and have a safer upbringing.
Blue Whales reproduce by sexual meiosis and is done so internally. This happens when the males penis releases sperm which meets with the females egg and is then fertilised. Both females and males produce half the number of gametes (haploid), the females produce the egg and the males produce the sperm. Which when both meet they form a diploid zygote.
When it is mating season the Blue Whales migrate near the equator where it is hotter. There they do the mating ritual which consists of the male and female rolling around each other and diving deep into the water. They then fly upwards and cross the surface and the males thrust their penis into the vulva then ejaculates. Although scientists don’t know exactly where they go to breed.
(The Video below shows two Blue Whales doing a mating dance).
The female normally have several partners during the mating season which increases her chances of conceiving. The rate that the females reproduce is less then other animals tat live in the see because she has to look after her calf for the whole first year. This then give the calf more chance of survival until they are mature. Staying close by their mother means the calf will be protected and have a safer upbringing.
Blue Whales reproduce by sexual meiosis and is done so internally. This happens when the males penis releases sperm which meets with the females egg and is then fertilised. Both females and males produce half the number of gametes (haploid), the females produce the egg and the males produce the sperm. Which when both meet they form a diploid zygote.
When it is mating season the Blue Whales migrate near the equator where it is hotter. There they do the mating ritual which consists of the male and female rolling around each other and diving deep into the water. They then fly upwards and cross the surface and the males thrust their penis into the vulva then ejaculates. Although scientists don’t know exactly where they go to breed.
(The Video below shows two Blue Whales doing a mating dance).
Blue Whales are placental mammals which means the fetus develops inside the mother in the uterus. After three months the fetus grows rather quickly at 1 inch per day and by around the seventh month it is approximately 12 feet in length. After 12 months when the baby known as a calf is ready to be born it comes out tail first. At this point in time it weighs roughly 6,000 pounds and proceeds to swim directly to the surface for its first breath of air. The birth normally takes place in winter and in early spring in areas with warm waters. For the first year the mother looks out for her offspring by providing it with up to 90kgs of milk per day.
(Image below shows a Blue Whale mother and calf swimming along side by side).
(Image below shows a Blue Whale mother and calf swimming along side by side).
What are the advantages and disadvantages of internal fertilization compared to external fertilization? Give examples of animals that use each method.
Internal fertilization is when the eggs are kept within the reproductive tract of the female, but when a the males sperm is inserted the egg gets fertilized inside the female. This occurs most often in land-based animals.
Examples include worms, cats, dogs, birds, mammals, squid, arthropods, sharks and reptiles.
Advantages:
The main advantage of internal reproduction is that the offspring will have a high chance of survival as it is being looked after in the womb of a parent. Developing the young in the womb means they are safe from environmental changes and predation. After the offspring is born it will usually get some form of parental care and protection which will insure that it survives to apposed it being on its own. Parents will care for and nurture their offspring. It also means that there is a higher chance of the fertilisation being successful and animals can be more selective of who they are to mate with.
Disadvantages:
A disadvantage of internal reproduction is that it uses a lot more energy for the parents and takes a lot of energy to produce offspring. This means that the parent/s not only have to look out for themselves but their offspring as well. They have to protect, care for and provide nourishment for their young. This also means that less offspring can be produced because the amount of care that each parent has to give their offspring. There is also a higher risk of sexually transmitted diseases which could be passed on. It can also be harder to bring both of the female and male together for intimate contact.
Below is a image of Dogs who use Internal fertilization to produce offspring.
Internal fertilization is when the eggs are kept within the reproductive tract of the female, but when a the males sperm is inserted the egg gets fertilized inside the female. This occurs most often in land-based animals.
Examples include worms, cats, dogs, birds, mammals, squid, arthropods, sharks and reptiles.
Advantages:
The main advantage of internal reproduction is that the offspring will have a high chance of survival as it is being looked after in the womb of a parent. Developing the young in the womb means they are safe from environmental changes and predation. After the offspring is born it will usually get some form of parental care and protection which will insure that it survives to apposed it being on its own. Parents will care for and nurture their offspring. It also means that there is a higher chance of the fertilisation being successful and animals can be more selective of who they are to mate with.
Disadvantages:
A disadvantage of internal reproduction is that it uses a lot more energy for the parents and takes a lot of energy to produce offspring. This means that the parent/s not only have to look out for themselves but their offspring as well. They have to protect, care for and provide nourishment for their young. This also means that less offspring can be produced because the amount of care that each parent has to give their offspring. There is also a higher risk of sexually transmitted diseases which could be passed on. It can also be harder to bring both of the female and male together for intimate contact.
Below is a image of Dogs who use Internal fertilization to produce offspring.
External fertilization usually occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs and sperm are released into the water. In which the sperm swim or can be carried by currents to the eggs.
Examples include fish, frogs, sponges, cnidarians and clams. For frogs the eggs are laid in the pond or lake by the female then the male comes along and realises his sperm. Another example is when female fish released its eggs into the water then a male releases it sperm into the water which then fertilises the eggs.
Advantages:
Some advantage of external reproduction is that there is less energy that needs to be used because the offspring don’t need care from parents. There can be a larger number of offspring are produced at one time due to both males and females releasing lots of sperm and eggs which means that lots of eggs can be fertilised. It can be easier to find mates and animals often have more then one mate. Which also means that there is more variation in the population due to different genetics.
Disadvantages:
These animals that use external fertilisation are restricted to wet environments as they require water for the sperm and eggs to go towards each other to fertilise. This will mean that there is a high chance that the offspring will not survive because there is not enough parental care and protection. The eggs are exposed to the environment where they are fertilized and are highly susceptible to environmental changes and predation. Like when tadpoles hatch from their shells they are easy targets to other predators. Environmental changes can also cause death to these young like ponds drying up where the tadpoles had been living. There is also no guarantee that the sperm will actually come to the eggs.
Below is a image of Clown Fish who use External fertilization to produce offspring.
Examples include fish, frogs, sponges, cnidarians and clams. For frogs the eggs are laid in the pond or lake by the female then the male comes along and realises his sperm. Another example is when female fish released its eggs into the water then a male releases it sperm into the water which then fertilises the eggs.
Advantages:
Some advantage of external reproduction is that there is less energy that needs to be used because the offspring don’t need care from parents. There can be a larger number of offspring are produced at one time due to both males and females releasing lots of sperm and eggs which means that lots of eggs can be fertilised. It can be easier to find mates and animals often have more then one mate. Which also means that there is more variation in the population due to different genetics.
Disadvantages:
These animals that use external fertilisation are restricted to wet environments as they require water for the sperm and eggs to go towards each other to fertilise. This will mean that there is a high chance that the offspring will not survive because there is not enough parental care and protection. The eggs are exposed to the environment where they are fertilized and are highly susceptible to environmental changes and predation. Like when tadpoles hatch from their shells they are easy targets to other predators. Environmental changes can also cause death to these young like ponds drying up where the tadpoles had been living. There is also no guarantee that the sperm will actually come to the eggs.
Below is a image of Clown Fish who use External fertilization to produce offspring.
Below is a video explaining what fertilization is and the different types.
(Video from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O2jfZ7BZ3A)
(Video from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O2jfZ7BZ3A)
References (information)
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Photos
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Youtube Videos
YouTube, (2014). Blue Whales doing mating dance. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZQ_dqdeA0U [Accessed 10 Aug. 2014].
YouTube, (2014). Shingle Back Lizards. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZvMhjRRzWI [Accessed 10 Aug. 2014].
YouTube, (2014). What is fertilization? What are its types?. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O2jfZ7BZ3A [Accessed 10 Aug. 2014].
Animalbehavioronline.com, (2014). MONOGAMY. [online] Available at: http://www.animalbehavioronline.com/monogamy.html [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014].
Bioweb.uwlax.edu, (2014). Blue Whale Reproduction. [online] Available at: http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/olson_rile/reproduction.htm [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014].
Docs.google.com, (2014). Lesson Plan In-Ex Fertilization 2.docx - Google Docs. [online] Available at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1YF2lhQAbaHGCkVmPGy_lCaFLYPjJ_KtM1CZ_llTu_xo/edit?hl=en_US [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014].
Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, (2014). The benefit and the doubt: why m... [J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2003] - PubMed - NCBI. [online] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12685340 [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014].
Reproduction, A. and Cox, S. (2012). Biology Project: Advantages & Disadvantages of Internal and External Reproduction. [online] Floydbiology.blogspot.com.au. Available at: http://floydbiology.blogspot.com.au/2012/06/advantages-dis-advantages-internal.html [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014].
Scribd.com, (2014). Animal Behaviour Advantages Disadvantages No2. [online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/16511069/Animal-Behaviour-Advantages-Disadvantages-No2 [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014].
Staff, E. (2014). 10 Monogamous Animals That Mate For Life | Curiosity Aroused. [online] Curiosityaroused.com. Available at: http://www.curiosityaroused.com/nature/10-monogamous-animals-that-mate-for-life/ [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014].
University, B. (2014). BIOG 1445 | Cornell Introduction to Comparative Physiology. [online] Biog1445.org. Available at: http://www.biog1445.org/demo/08/fertilization.html [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014].
Whale-world.com, (2014). Whale Reproduction - Whale Facts and Information. [online] Available at: http://www.whale-world.com/whale-reproduction/ [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014].
YouTube, (2014). Blue Whales doing mating dance. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZQ_dqdeA0U [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014].
Photos
Dvdmedia.ign.com, (2014). [online] Available at: http://dvdmedia.ign.com/dvd/image/Finding%20Nemo-1.jpg [Accessed 10 Aug. 2014].
Ferrebeekeeper.files.wordpress.com, (2014). [online] Available at: https://ferrebeekeeper.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/264_1twobluewhalesonwatersurface.jpg [Accessed 10 Aug. 2014].
Media1.shmoop.com, (2014). [online] Available at: http://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_reproduction_graphik_15.png [Accessed 10 Aug. 2014].
Zwqje3evga3tlp963l41q8vrj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com, (2014). [online] Available at: http://zwqje3evga3tlp963l41q8vrj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/french-angelfish.jpg [Accessed 10 Aug. 2014].
Zwqje3evga3tlp963l41q8vrj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com, (2014). [online] Available at: http://zwqje3evga3tlp963l41q8vrj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/french-angelfish.jpg [Accessed 10 Aug. 2014].
Youtube Videos
YouTube, (2014). Blue Whales doing mating dance. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZQ_dqdeA0U [Accessed 10 Aug. 2014].
YouTube, (2014). Shingle Back Lizards. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZvMhjRRzWI [Accessed 10 Aug. 2014].
YouTube, (2014). What is fertilization? What are its types?. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O2jfZ7BZ3A [Accessed 10 Aug. 2014].